Interval arithmetic by Robert Elton Maas: Demonstration of using Newton's method with intervals of exact rational numbers to compute square root of an exact rational: * (setq nums 2) 2 * (setq guess (interval-to-sqrt-firstguess+bounds nums)) 5/3 * (setq rats (interval+guess-to-sqrt-bounds nums guess)) (6/5 5/3) * (show-interval rats) 1.2d0 1.6666666666666667d0 1.[2..7] NIL * (setq rats (interval-newton-sqrt nums rats)) 1.2d0 1.6666666666666667d0 1.[2..7] [-----------------------------!!!!!!-----------------------------------] 1.3953488372093024d0 1.4333333333333333d0 1.3[9..E] [------------------------------!!!!!-----------------------------------] 1.4d0 1.4285714285714286d0 1.4[0..3] (7/5 10/7) * (setq rats (interval-newton-sqrt nums rats)) 1.4d0 1.4285714285714286d0 1.4[0..3] [----------------------------------!-----------------------------------] 1.4141414141414141d0 1.4142857142857144d0 1.4141[4..J] [----------------------------------!-----------------------------------] 1.4141414141414141d0 1.4142857142857144d0 1.4141[4..J] (140/99 99/70) * (setq rats (interval-newton-sqrt nums rats)) 1.4141414141414141d0 1.4142857142857144d0 1.4141[4..J] [----------------------------------!-----------------------------------] 1.4142135605326258d0 1.4142135642135643d0 1.41421356[0..5] [----------------------------------!-----------------------------------] 1.4142135605326258d0 1.4142135642135643d0 1.41421356[0..5] (27720/19601 19601/13860) * (setq rats (interval-newton-sqrt nums rats)) 1.4142135605326258d0 1.4142135642135643d0 1.41421356[0..5] [----------------------------------!-----------------------------------] 1.4142135623730951d0 1.4142135623730951d0 1.41421356237309504[7..A] [----------------------------------!-----------------------------------] 1.4142135623730951d0 1.4142135623730951d0 1.41421356237309504[7..A] (1086679440/768398401 768398401/543339720) * (setq rats (interval-newton-sqrt nums rats)) 1.4142135623730951d0 1.4142135623730951d0 1.41421356237309504[7..A] [----------------------------------!-----------------------------------] 1.4142135623730951d0 1.4142135623730951d0 1.414213562373095048801688724209698078[0..B] [----------------------------------!-----------------------------------] 1.4142135623730951d0 1.4142135623730951d0 1.414213562373095048801688724209698078[0..B] (1670005488191150880/1180872205318713601 1180872205318713601/835002744095575440) * (setq rats (interval-newton-sqrt nums rats)) 1.4142135623730951d0 1.4142135623730951d0 1.414213562373095048801688724209698078[0..B] [----------------------------------!-----------------------------------] 1.4142135623730951d0 1.4142135623730951d0 1.414213562373095048801688724209698078569671875376948073176679737990732478[3..6] [----------------------------------!-----------------------------------] 1.4142135623730951d0 1.4142135623730951d0 1.414213562373095048801688724209698078569671875376948073176679737990732478[3..6] (3944126127469278527968910146598237760/2788918330588564181308597538924774401 2788918330588564181308597538924774401/1972063063734639263984455073299118880) * (setq rats (interval-newton-sqrt nums rats)) 1.4142135623730951d0 1.4142135623730951d0 1.414213562373095048801688724209698078569671875376948073176679737990732478[3..6] [----------------------------------!-----------------------------------] 1.4142135623730951d0 1.4142135623730951d0 1.414213562373095048801688724209698078569671875376948073176679737990732478462107 03885038753432764157273501384623091229702492483605585073721264412149[4..B] [----------------------------------!-----------------------------------] 1.4142135623730951d0 1.4142135623730951d0 1.414213562373095048801688724209698078569671875376948073176679737990732478462107 03885038753432764157273501384623091229702492483605585073721264412149[4..B] (21999691310104717527439432627183280059647288103291440870635684784319163520/1555 6130909385807535224779842639686625468648065798177627126514337489817601 15556130909385807535224779842639686625468648065798177627126514337489817601/1099 9845655052358763719716313591640029823644051645720435317842392159581760) * (setq rats (interval-newton-sqrt nums rats)) 1.4142135623730951d0 1.4142135623730951d0 1.414213562373095048801688724209698078569671875376948073176679737990732478462107 03885038753432764157273501384623091229702492483605585073721264412149[4..B] [----------------------------------!-----------------------------------] 1.4142135623730951d0 1.4142135623730951d0 1.414213562373095048801688724209698078569671875376948073176679737990732478462107 03885038753432764157273501384623091229702492483605585073721264412149709993583141 32226659275055927557999505011527820605714701095599716059702745345968620147285174 1864088919860955232923048430871432145083976260362799524[8..F] [----------------------------------!-----------------------------------] 1.4142135623730951d0 1.4142135623730951d0 1.414213562373095048801688724209698078569671875376948073176679737990732478462107 03885038753432764157273501384623091229702492483605585073721264412149709993583141 32226659275055927557999505011527820605714701095599716059702745345968620147285174 1864088919860955232923048430871432145083976260362799524[8..F] (6844601559721326940707442446581772372247199832750373430509512436961221356798680 77853932463689356406733902637826335391498271632950349602667386231040/48398641773 98970226568389107997019805362340446631167408482804585370251674736955856570734973 19288990606925212316394779012897026242645624712498790401 4839864177398970226568389107997019805362340446631167408482804585370251674736955 85657073497319288990606925212316394779012897026242645624712498790401/34223007798 60663470353721223290886186123599916375186715254756218480610678399340389269662318 44678203366951318913167695749135816475174801333693115520) * (setq rats (interval-newton-sqrt nums rats)) 1.4142135623730951d0 1.4142135623730951d0 1.414213562373095048801688724209698078569671875376948073176679737990732478462107 03885038753432764157273501384623091229702492483605585073721264412149709993583141 32226659275055927557999505011527820605714701095599716059702745345968620147285174 1864088919860955232923048430871432145083976260362799524[8..F] [----------------------------------!-----------------------------------] 1.4142135623730951d0 1.4142135623730951d0 1.414213562373095048801688724209698078569671875376948073176679737990732478462107 03885038753432764157273501384623091229702492483605585073721264412149709993583141 32226659275055927557999505011527820605714701095599716059702745345968620147285174 18640889198609552329230484308714321450839762603627995251407989687253396546331808 82964062061525835239505474575028775996172983557522033753185701135437460340849884 71603868999706990048150305440277903164542478230684929369186215805784631115966687 13013015618568987237235288509264861249497715421833420428568606014682472077143585 48741556570696776537202264854[1..8] [----------------------------------!-----------------------------------] 1.4142135623730951d0 1.4142135623730951d0 1.414213562373095048801688724209698078569671875376948073176679737990732478462107 03885038753432764157273501384623091229702492483605585073721264412149709993583141 32226659275055927557999505011527820605714701095599716059702745345968620147285174 18640889198609552329230484308714321450839762603627995251407989687253396546331808 82964062061525835239505474575028775996172983557522033753185701135437460340849884 71603868999706990048150305440277903164542478230684929369186215805784631115966687 13013015618568987237235288509264861249497715421833420428568606014682472077143585 48741556570696776537202264854[1..8] (6625388379492873719657464203235861724388425699463729098813625658205135204798087 99452620384130568587935908319621683690583446195109261195831496607850082170348760 98985298538108162966191442800154575284638294858326260324771330491621659556989311 6654612982285472053095300800060620585243416564640494080/468485705113396214873500 34820943104991070986082580321494861873507456352961028657647552611031131318428206 05826180052401657397941258739732688514005380277132191061725997102684695643814554 39513977138838473553831781520213282206409296900451790979927412200913195334021599 318597103692473541776259481601 4684857051133962148735003482094310499107098608258032149486187350745635296102865 76475526110311313184282060582618005240165739794125873973268851400538027713219106 17259971026846956438145543951397713883847355383178152021328220640929690045179097 9927412200913195334021599318597103692473541776259481601/331269418974643685982873 21016179308621942128497318645494068128291025676023990439972631019206528429396795 41598108418452917230975546305979157483039250410851743804949264926905408148309572 14000772876423191474291631301623856652458108297784946558327306491142736026547650 400030310292621708282320247040) * Would you like me to set up this software as a Web-server-side application so that you-all can play with it? Urgent note: I'm in desperate financial circumstances. I desperately need a source of income to avoid becoming homeless. Please refer me to somebody who has money to hire me for writing software.